Explore the ways in which Milton makes use of setting and/or landscape.

Milton uses the natural setting of Paradise Lost to explore ideas of the naturalness of obedience to God, using the pastoral idyll, and the time period in which it is set to contrast to Satan’s manipulation of sin.

Milton uses the freshly created universe at his setting, thereby implying that the equilibrium at the start is how the earth was intended to be, using it to show his vision of God’s will. Milton sets Paradise Lost during the biblical book of Genesis when God created the ‘heavens and the earth’. Milton however, does not use the togetherness of heaven and earth that the ‘and’ in Genesis implies, instead using the delineations of heaven, earth and hell to set up a rigid hierarchy. The character of God does not appear in Book 9, with Milton not showing the conversations that Genesis says took place between God and humans, instead using the hierarchy he sets up to explain God’s position in his contemporary time. That Eve argues that ‘Heaven is high’ suggests that God feels far off to her, perhaps because once she has eaten the apple she loses her closeness with God, but the word ‘high’ also suggests his majesty and glory, with Milton perhaps suggesting the God is remote in his holiness, offering an explanation for why humans no longer had the same kind of connection with God in his time, when people went to church regularly but didn’t experience the same kind of spiritual encounters. The word ‘high’ also connotes that God is looking down on ‘earth’, with Milton setting up a hierarchy of rulers being untouchable by the common people, perhaps reaffirming the entrenched class system of his time. This however, would seem more to reflect a King with the ‘divine right’ to rule rather than the parliamentary system Milton served in, with Satan’s attempt to move up in the hierarchy both by attempting to overthrow God and leaving hell having disastrous consequences despite the fact he seems to be seeking a more democratic system where power is shared amongst ‘Gods’. However, Milton could equally be condemning people for criticizing the Government or the Church leaders, both of whom had been replaced in the Restoration. Therefore Milton’s setting Paradise Lost at the beginning of time implies a hierarchical system is natural and ordained by God.

Milton further explores how this perfect system is abused by showing Satan as manipulating the natural setting around him. Satan enters the garden as an outsider and yet is able to use it to lure Eve, not only by blending into his environment by taking over the body of a ‘snake’ but by using the natural elements around him in his plan. In his invocation Milton bemoans how the Garden’s ‘sweet flowers’ hid the ‘ambush’ waiting for mankind, with the word ‘flowers’ perhaps suggesting their ‘sweet’ scent hid the pungent odour of sin. Also as a feminine symbol Milton could perhaps be suggesting that woman’s ‘sweetness’ disguises the sin that she causes, with women at the time seen as temptresses much more interested in sex than men were. Similarly Satan lures Eve alone into the woods, with the extended semantic feild of the ‘mazes’ and Milton use of an epic metaphor which describes Satan as a ‘skillful steersman’ indicating that she may not be able to find her way out again. Also Milton compares Satan to a will o the wisp, suggesting that he is a supernatural and dangerous thing that has been introduced, connoting the more superstitious medieval age and that Eve is being lead astray without the knowledge that people had later on in the renaissance. Le Gallienne also explores the deceitfulness of nature, marvelling at how it’s ‘beauty’ can distort one’s ‘eyes’ from ‘life’s true bitterness and pain, with the word ‘net’ echoing the trap to which Satan is drawing Eve.  Milton doesn’t just show Satan’s effect on nature though, but sin itself, showing the Earth’s reaction when Eve commits the first sin. That it ‘wounds’ the earth suggests a permanence and a pain that can not be undone and that will always be remembered through the scar it leaves, meaning that the earth is no longer perfect and whole, starting the degeneration that Milton criticised in his own time whilst he was a pamphleteer, writing on varied subjects such as the church and divorce. The personification of nature as a ‘her’ sets the earth up as helpless and weak, unable to defend itself against sin, contrasting Earth’s passivity with Eve’s activeness as ‘she plucked, she ate’. The verbs strongly place the blame on Eve and emphasize the fact that they are irreversible, with the past tense used adding to this. This places earth as the victim and humankind as the wrongdoer, abusing their positions as ‘Lords’ of the earth. This could perhaps suggest that Milton thinks rulers have a duty to look after their subjects, or that nature must be respected, although alternatively it could represent the harm sin does to the innocence of the human soul. Hence, Milton’s explanation of how nature can be abused can be seen as a rallying call against temptation and being lead stray by the devil, with humankind being seen as naturally good but in need of constant diligence.

Furthermore, Milton’s use of the pastoral continues his warning against the unnaturalness of sinful acts, presenting God’s natural way as the way to serenity. Satan emerges from the corrupt city of Bedlam in Hell to the ‘worthier seat of the gods’ that is earth, with his longest soliquoy focusing on earth’s beauty and how it makes him question his plan for ‘revenge’.  Adam and Eve could perhaps be the shepherd and shepherdess living in harmony, although they tend the garden rather than sheep, but that they enjoy this task is perhaps shown in Eve’s eagerness to do it more efficiently, calling it ‘pleasant’, not wanting anything to ‘intervene’ in their labour’. Hence Milton seems to suggest that a life at one with nature is what God intended, with Satan’s residence in hell therefore being the perversion of everything God wanted. This criticism of the city could also link to the criticism of modernity, with the city being a manmade invention associated with sin, and it is significant that as soon as Adam and Eve sin they look for somewhere to ‘lie’ so that they can have sex. This perhaps relates to the association of sinful behaviour with the city, and cities fame for prostitutes, with London St James’s park being particularly well known as a haven for vice. The sinfulness of modernity could perhaps relate to the sinfulness of the tree of knowledge, as modernity can only advance with knowledge, with Milton perhaps advocating innocence as a way to be free from sin. In ‘August Moonlight’ the narrator also finds respite in nature, remarking on how the ‘cricket’ ‘’rose’ and ‘butterfly’ lead him away from his existential crisis, and yet in Paradise Lost Milton does not put enough strength in nature to allow it to dissuade any of his characters from sinning. Therefore Milton could perhaps be criticising how far he saw contemporary Restoration society from nature as being, perhaps because of the Restoration leading to the reopening of the theatres and many festivals and parties which were very unpuritanical. Hence Milton continues his warning, wishing for a return to the Lord’s ways.

In conclusion Milton uses his natural setting to contrast the way in which he sees God as having ordained things to be to the way things become when sin enters people and the world, criticising those who go against God’s natural order and advocating a return to his way.